Epidemiology and risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with pancreatic infection.

Background: The AbSeS-classification defines specific phenotypes of patients with intra-abdominal infection based on the (1) setting of infection onset (community-acquired, early onset, or late-onset hospital-acquired), (2) presence or absence of either localized or diffuse peritonitis, and (3) severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, or septic shock). This classification system demonstrated reliable risk stratification in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with intra-abdominal infection. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of ICU patients with pancreatic infection and assess the relationship between the components of the AbSeS-classification and mortality. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an international observational study ("AbSeS") investigating ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection. Only patients with pancreatic infection were included in this analysis (n=165). Mortality was defined as ICU mortality within 28 days of observation for patients discharged earlier from the ICU. Relationships with mortality were assessed using logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The overall mortality was 35.2% (n=58). The independent risk factors for mortality included older age (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.1 P=0.023), localized peritonitis (OR=4.4, 95% CI: 1.4 to 13.9 P=0.011), and persistent signs of inflammation at day 7 (OR=9.5, 95% CI: 3.8 to 23.9, P<0.001) or after the implementation of additional source control interventions within the first week (OR=4.0, 95% CI: 1.3 to 12.2, P=0.013). Gram-negative bacteria were most frequently isolated (n=58, 49.2%) without clinically relevant differences in microbial etiology between survivors and non-survivors. Conclusions: In pancreatic infection, a challenging source/damage control and ongoing pancreatic inflammation appear to be the strongest contributors to an unfavorable short-term outcome. In this limited series, essentials of the AbSeS-classification, such as the setting of infection onset, diffuse peritonitis, and severity of disease expression, were not associated with an increased mortality risk.ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03270345.

Sepsis Stewardship: The Puzzle of Antibiotic Therapy in the Context of Individualization of Decision Making.

The main recent change observed in the field of critical patient infection has been universal awareness of the need to make better use of antimicrobials, especially for the most serious cases, beyond the application of simple and effective formulas or rigid protocols. The increase in resistant microorganisms, the quantitative increase in major surgeries and interventional procedures in the highest risk patients, and the appearance of a significant number of new antibiotics in recent years (some very specifically directed against certain mechanisms of resistance and others with a broader spectrum of applications) have led us to shift our questions from "what to deal with" to "how to treat". There has been controversy about how best to approach antibiotic treatment of complex cases of sepsis. The individualized and adjusted dosage, the moment of its administration, the objective, and the selection of the regimen are pointed out as factors of special relevance in a critically ill patient where the frequency of resistant microorganisms, especially among the Enterobacterales group, and the emergence of multiple and diverse antibiotic treatment alternatives have made the appropriate choice of antibiotic treatment more complex, requiring a constant updating of knowledge and the creation of multidisciplinary teams to confront new infections that are difficult to treat. In this article, we have reviewed the phenomenon of the emergence of resistance to antibacterials and we have tried to share some of the ideas, such as stewardship, sparing carbapenems, and organizational, microbiological, pharmacological, and knowledge tools, that we have considered most useful and effective for individualized decision making that takes into account the current context of multidrug resistance. The greatest challenge, therefore, of decision making in this context lies in determining an effective, optimal, and balanced empirical antibiotic treatment.

Optimized Treatment of Nosocomial Peritonitis.

This comprehensive review aims to provide a practical guide for intensivists, focusing on enhancing patient care associated with nosocomial peritonitis (NP). It explores the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of NP, a significant contributor to the mortality of surgical patients worldwide. NP is, per definition, a hospital-acquired condition and a consequence of gastrointestinal surgery or a complication of other diseases. NP, one of the most prevalent causes of sepsis in surgical Intensive Care Units (ICUs), is often associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and high mortality rates. Early clinical suspicion and the utilization of various diagnostic tools like biomarkers and imaging are of great importance. Microbiology is often complex, with antimicrobial resistance escalating in many parts of the world. Fungal peritonitis and its risk factors, diagnostic hurdles, and effective management approaches are particularly relevant in patients with NP. Contemporary antimicrobial strategies for treating NP are discussed, including drug resistance challenges and empirical antibiotic regimens. The importance of source control in intra-abdominal infection management, including surgical and non-surgical interventions, is also emphasized. A deeper exploration into the role of open abdomen treatment as a potential option for selected patients is proposed, indicating an area for further investigation. This review underscores the need for more research to advance the best treatment strategies for NP.

Ten Issues for Updating in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Expert Review.

Community-acquired pneumonia represents the third-highest cause of mortality in industrialized countries and the first due to infection. Although guidelines for the approach to this infection model are widely implemented in international health schemes, information continually emerges that generates controversy or requires updating its management. This paper reviews the most important issues in the approach to this process, such as an aetiologic update using new molecular platforms or imaging techniques, including the diagnostic stewardship in different clinical settings. It also reviews both the Intensive Care Unit admission criteria and those of clinical stability to discharge. An update in antibiotic, in oxygen, or steroidal therapy is presented. It also analyzes the management out-of-hospital in CAP requiring hospitalization, the main factors for readmission, and an approach to therapeutic failure or rescue. Finally, the main strategies for prevention and vaccination in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts are reviewed.

Critical appraisal beyond clinical guidelines for intraabdominal candidiasis.

BACKGROUND: Regardless of the available antifungals, intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) mortality continues to be high and represents a challenge for clinicians. MAIN BODY: This opinion paper discusses alternative antifungal options for treating IAC. This clinical entity should be addressed separately from candidemia due to the peculiarity of the required penetration of antifungals into the peritoneal cavity. Intraabdominal concentrations may be further restricted in critically ill patients where pathophysiological facts alter normal drug distribution. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line treatment in guidelines for invasive candidiasis. However, considering published data, our pharmacodynamic analysis suggests the required increase of doses, postulated by some authors, to attain adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) levels in peritoneal fluid. Given the limited evidence in the literature on PK/PD-based treatments of IAC, an algorithm is proposed to guide antifungal treatment. Liposomal amphotericin B is advocated as first-line therapy in patients with sepsis/septic shock presenting candidemia or endophthalmitis, or with prior exposure to echinocandins and/or fluconazole, or with infections by Candida glabrata. Other situations and alternatives, such as new compounds or combination therapy, are also analysed. CONCLUSION: There is a critical need for more robust clinical trials, studies examining patient heterogeneity and surveillance of antifungal resistance to enhance patient care and optimise treatment outcomes. Such evidence will help refine the existing guidelines and contribute to a more personalised and effective approach to treating this serious medical condition. Meanwhile, it is suggested to broaden the consideration of other options, such as liposomal amphotericin B, as first-line treatment until the results of the fungogram are available and antifungal stewardship could be implemented to prevent the development of resistance.

Postoperative Critical Care Admission Was Not Associated with Improved Postoperative Outcomes in Elective Colorectal Surgery: Secondary Analysis Of POWER Trial.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of routine admission of high-risk patients to a critical care unit after surgery is not clear. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between critical care admission after scheduled colorectal surgery and postoperative complications, 30-day mortality, and length of stay in hospital. METHODS: A pre-defined secondary substudy of POWER study was performed. POWER study was a prospective multicenter observational study of patients undergoing elective primary colorectal surgery during a single period of two months of recruitment between September and December 2017. RESULTS: A total of 2084 patients from 80 Spanish hospitals were included, of which 722 (34.6%) were admitted to critical care unit (CCU) after elective surgery. After adjusting for confounding factors in the multivariate analysis, postoperative CCU admission was independently associated with a higher incidence of moderate-to-severe postoperative complications (adjusted OR 1.951, 95% CI 1.570, 2.425; p < 0.001). Regarding secondary outcomes, postoperative critical care admission was independently associated with higher 30-day mortality (adjusted OR 6.736; 95% CI 2.507, 18.101; p < 0.001) and independently associated with an increased hospital length of stay (adjusted OR 1.143, 95% CI 1.112, 1.175; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Direct admission to CCU after scheduled colorectal surgery was not associated with a reduction in moderate-to-severe postoperative complications.

Sedation with Sevoflurane versus Propofol in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) led to intensive care units (ICUs) collapse. Amalgams of sedative agents (including volatile anesthetics) were used due to the clinical shortage of intravenous drugs (mainly propofol and midazolam). METHODS: A multicenter, randomized 1:1, controlled clinical trial was designed to compare sedation using propofol and sevoflurane in patients with ARDS associated with COVID-19 infection in terms of oxygenation and mortality. RESULTS: Data from a total of 17 patients (10 in the propofol arm and 7 in the sevoflurane arm) showed a trend toward PaO2/FiO2 improvement and the sevoflurane arm's superiority in decreasing the likelihood of death (no statistical significance was found). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous agents are the most-used sedative agents in Spain, even though volatile anesthetics, such as sevoflurane and isoflurane, have shown beneficial effects in many clinical conditions. Growing evidence demonstrates the safety and potential benefits of using volatile anesthetics in critical situations.

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero (<1 N1 copies per mL), VIR-N1-Low (1-2747 N1 copies per mL), and VIR-N1-Storm (>2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. FINDINGS: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16-0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26-0·57; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). INTERPRETATION: The presence of a so-called viral storm is associated with increased all-cause death in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe COVID-19. Preventing this viral storm could help to reduce poor outcomes. Viral storm could be an enrichment marker for treatment with antivirals or purification devices to remove viral components from the blood. FUNDING: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Li Ka-Shing Foundation, Research Nova Scotia, and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. TRANSLATION: For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Vitamin C and thiamine for the treatment of refractory septic shock in surgical critically ill patients: a retrospective before-and-after study / Vitamina C y tiamina para el tratamiento del shock séptico refractario en pacientes críticos quirúrgicos: un estudio retrospectivo antes-después

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate whether early vitamin C and thiamine administration was associated with a lower 28-day and in-hospital mortality in surgical critically ill patients with refractory septic shock. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective before-and-after study on patients with refractory septic shock. According to local protocol, hydrocortisone is initiated in case of refractory septic shock. In January 2017, the protocol was changed and vitamin C and thiamine were included. Patients who were admitted in 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 were included in the control and treatment groups, respectively. The primary end point was 28-day and in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were ICU mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, duration of vasopressors and mechanical ventilation, use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), and the modification in serum procalcitonin and SOFA score during the first 72 h. Results: A total of 120 patients were included (58 in the treatment group and 62 in the control group). Log-rank test in Kaplan-Meier curves showed lower 28-day and in-hospital mortality over time in the treatment group (p=0.021 and p=0.035, respectively) but it not reached statistical significance in ICU mortality over time (p=0.100). The need of RRT was less frequent in treatment group (17.2% vs. 37.1%, p=0.024). There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. Conclusions: Intravenous vitamin C and thiamine administration in surgical patients with refractory septic shock may be associated with a lower 28-day and in-hospital mortality. Further prospective studies are needed in refractory septic shock. (AU)

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la administración precoz de vitamina C y tiamina estaba asociada a una reducción en la mortalidad a los 28 días y hospitalaria en pacientes críticos quirúrgicos con shock séptico refractario. Pacientes y métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo antes-después en pacientes con shock séptico refractario. Según el protocolo local, se inicia tratamiento con hidrocortisona en situación de shock séptico refractario. En enero de 2017 se cambió el protocolo y se incluyó vitamina C y tiamina. Los pacientes que fueron ingresados en 2015-2016 y 2017-2018 se incluyeron en el grupo control y tratamiento, respectivamente. Los objetivos primarios fueron la mortalidad a los 28 días y hospitalaria. Los objetivos secundarios fueron la mortalidad en UCI, la duración de estancia en UCI y hospitalaria, la duración del tratamiento vasopresor y de la ventilación mecánica, el uso de técnicas de reemplazo renal (TRR), y la modificación en la procalcitonina sérica y la puntuación SOFA durante las primeras 72h. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 120 pacientes (58 en el grupo tratamiento y 62 en el grupo control). El test Log-rank en las curvas de Kaplan-Meier mostró mortalidad a los 28 días y hospitalaria más baja a lo largo del tiempo en el grupo tratamiento (p=0,021 and p=0,035, respectivamente) pero no alcanzó significación estadística en la mortalidad en UCI a lo largo del tiempo (p=0,100). La necesidad de TRR fue menos frecuente en el grupo tratamiento (17,2% vs. 37,1%, p=0,024). No hubo diferencias en otros resultados secundarios. Conclusiones: La administración de vitamina C y tiamina intravenosa en pacientes quirúrgicos con shock séptico refractario podría estar asociada a una menor mortalidad a los 28 días y hospitalaria. Se necesitan más estudios prospectivos en pacientes con shock séptico refractario. (AU)

Controversies in the management of ESBLproducing Enterabacterales. Clinical Implications

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing organisms currently represent a major health problem. Although recently published guidelines still consider carbapenems as the treatment of choice for ESBL-producing infections, it is necessary to find non-carbapenem β-lactams as alternatives to reduce the effects associated with their overutilization. In this review we focus on these alternatives to carbepenem use. It is possible that piperacillin-tazobactam may be an alternative in clinical settings with “low inoculum” infections like urinary tract infections. Newer β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) are potential options too. The current available data support the efficacy of both ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam against susceptible ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). We are waiting for the results of MERINO-3 study to confirm whether ceftolozane-tazobactam is a good option versus meropenem for treating bloodstream infections caused by ESBL- or AmpC-producing Enterobacterales. (AU)

Current Positioning against Severe Infections Due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Hospitalized Adults.

Infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae have been increasing in intensive care units (ICUs) in the last decade. Such infections pose a serious problem, especially when antimicrobial resistance is present. We created a task force of experts, including specialists in intensive care medicine, anaesthesia, microbiology and infectious diseases, selected on the basis of their varied experience in the field of nosocomial infections, who conducted a comprehensive review of the recently published literature on the management of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) infections in the intensive care setting from 2012 to 2022 to summarize the best available treatment. The group established priorities regarding management, based on both the risk of developing infections caused by K. pneumoniae and the risk of poor outcome. Moreover, we reviewed and updated the most important clinical entities and the new antibiotic treatments recently developed. After analysis of the priorities outlined, this group of experts established a series of recommendations and designed a management algorithm.

Precision Medicine in Sepsis and Septic Shock.

Sepsis is defined as a potentially fatal organ dysfunction induced by a dysregulated host response to infection [...].

Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis.

PURPOSE: To describe data on epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics and outcome of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) with secondary peritonitis, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy and source control. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of a multicenter observational study (Abdominal Sepsis Study, AbSeS) including 2621 adult ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection in 306 ICUs from 42 countries. Time-till-source control intervention was calculated as from time of diagnosis and classified into 'emergency' (< 2 h), 'urgent' (2-6 h), and 'delayed' (> 6 h). Relationships were assessed by logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The cohort included 1077 cases of microbiologically confirmed secondary peritonitis. Mortality was 29.7%. The rate of appropriate empiric therapy showed no difference between survivors and non-survivors (66.4% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.1). A stepwise increase in mortality was observed with increasing Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (19.6% for a value ≤ 4-55.4% for a value > 12, p < 0.001). The highest odds of death were associated with septic shock (OR 3.08 [1.42-7.00]), late-onset hospital-acquired peritonitis (OR 1.71 [1.16-2.52]) and failed source control evidenced by persistent inflammation at day 7 (OR 5.71 [3.99-8.18]). Compared with 'emergency' source control intervention (< 2 h of diagnosis), 'urgent' source control was the only modifiable covariate associated with lower odds of mortality (OR 0.50 [0.34-0.73]). CONCLUSION: 'Urgent' and successful source control was associated with improved odds of survival. Appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect survival suggesting that source control is more determinative for outcome.

The role of cefiderocol in clinical practice

Cefiderocol is a new antimicrobial with a chemical structure similar to ceftazidime and cefepime. In this review we will focus on the role of cefiderocol in different clinical scenarios produced by resistant Gram-negative microorganisms, especially to carbapenems. In infections caused by Gram-negative microorganisms, inappropriate antibiotic treatment increased the risk of mortality almost fourfold.In patients with hospital-acquired infection and septic shock; with sepsis and poor functional reserve due to fragility; in immunocompromised patients; and in those with local ecology, individual history of colonization or previous infection and risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) such as the presence of chronic multi-morbidities, the best option would be to start an active empirical treatment against gram-negative bacteria resistant to carbapenems and later in 24-36 h with the information obtained from the cultures we could decide on a definitive empirical or directed treatment and avoid unnecessary overuse of these antibiotics. Cefiderocol would be in these cases a good candidate due to its excellent in vitro activity against all classes of beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negatives (including carbapenemase class A, B and D producers), as well as against non-fermenting Gram-negatives such as P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and S. maltophilia. It is necessary to optimize the use of new antibiotics such as cefiderocol, guaranteeing the best available treatment to patients while delaying the emergence and spread of resistance. (AU)

Epidemiology and age-related mortality in critically ill patients with intra-abdominal infection or sepsis: an international cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe epidemiology and age-related mortality in critically ill older adults with intra-abdominal infection. METHODS: A secondary analysis was undertaken of a prospective, multi-national, observational study (Abdominal Sepsis Study, ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT03270345) including patients with intra-abdominal infection from 309 intensive care units (ICUs) in 42 countries between January and December 2016. Mortality was considered as ICU mortality, with a minimum of 28 days of observation when patients were discharged earlier. Relationships with mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The cohort included 2337 patients. Four age groups were defined: middle-aged patients [reference category; 40-59 years; n=659 (28.2%)], young-old patients [60-69 years; n=622 (26.6%)], middle-old patients [70-79 years; n=667 (28.5%)] and very old patients [≥80 years; n=389 (16.6%)]. Secondary peritonitis was the predominant infection (68.7%) and was equally prevalent across age groups. Mortality increased with age: 20.9% in middle-aged patients, 30.5% in young-old patients, 31.2% in middle-old patients, and 44.7% in very old patients (P<0.001). Compared with middle-aged patients, young-old age [odds ratio (OR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-2.17], middle-old age (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.35-2.41) and very old age (OR 3.69, 95% CI 2.66-5.12) were independently associated with mortality. Other independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis/septic shock, source control failure, liver disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes and malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: For ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection, age >60 years was associated with mortality; patients aged ≥80 years had the worst prognosis. Comorbidities and overall disease severity further compromised survival. As all of these factors are non-modifiable, it remains unclear how to improve outcomes.

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway: a worldwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team. The survey was open from May 22, 2021, and June 22, 2021. Three reminders were sent, after 7, 14, and 21 days. RESULTS: Three hundred four respondents from 72 countries returned a questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 21.2%. Respectively, 90.4% and 68.8% of participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary IPC team or a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team. Local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of surgical infections and protocols for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were present in 76.6% and 90.8% of hospitals, respectively. In 23.4% and 24.0% of hospitals no surveillance systems for surgical site infections and no monitoring systems of used antimicrobials were implemented. Patient and family involvement in IPC management was considered to be slightly or not important in their hospital by the majority of respondents (65.1%). Awareness of the global burden of AMR among HCWs was considered very important or important by 54.6% of participants. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered by 80.3% of respondents as a very important or important factor in raising HCWs awareness of the IPC programs in their hospital. Based on the survey results, the authors developed 15 statements for several questions regarding the prevention and management of infections in surgery. The statements may be the starting point for designing future evidence-based recommendations. CONCLUSION: Adequacy of prevention and management of infections in acute care facilities depends on HCWs behaviours and on the organizational characteristics of acute health care facilities to support best practices and promote behavioural change. Patient involvement in the implementation of IPC is still little considered. A debate on how operationalising a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the HCWs responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCWs and patients, should be opened.

Long-term survival of mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Information is lacking regarding long-term survival and predictive factors for mortality in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. We aimed to estimate 180-day mortality of patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive ventilation, and to develop a predictive model for long-term mortality. METHODS: Retrospective, multicentre, national cohort study between March 8 and April 30, 2020 in 16 intensive care units (ICU) in Spain. Participants were consecutive adults who received invasive mechanical ventilation for COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection detected in positive testing of a nasopharyngeal sample and confirmed by real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). The primary outcomes was 180-day survival after hospital admission. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay, and ICU and in-hospital mortality. A predictive model was developed to estimate the probability of 180-day mortality. RESULTS: 868 patients were included (median age, 64 years [interquartile range [IQR], 56-71 years]; 72% male). Severity at ICU admission, estimated by SAPS3, was 56 points [IQR 50-63]. Prior to intubation, 26% received some type of noninvasive respiratory support. The unadjusted overall 180-day survival rates was 59% (95% CI 56-62%). The predictive factors measured during ICU stay, and associated with 180-day mortality were: age [Odds Ratio [OR] per 1-year increase 1.051, 95% CI 1.033-1.068)), SAPS3 (OR per 1-point increase 1.027, 95% CI 1.011-1.044), diabetes (OR 1.546, 95% CI 1.085-2.204), neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (OR per 1-unit increase 1.008, 95% CI 1.001-1.016), failed attempt of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation prior to orotracheal intubation (OR 1.878 (95% CI 1.124-3.140), use of selective digestive decontamination strategy during ICU stay (OR 0.590 (95% CI 0.358-0.972) and administration of low dosage of corticosteroids (methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg) (OR 2.042 (95% CI 1.205-3.460). CONCLUSION: The long-term survival of mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 reaches more than 50% and may help to provide individualized risk stratification and potential treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04379258. Registered 10 April 2020 (retrospectively registered).

[Individualized antifungal therapy in critically ill patients with invasive fungal infection]. / Tratamiento antifúngico individualizado en el paciente crítico con infección fúngica invasora.

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is the most common invasive fungal infection (IFI) affecting critically ill patients, followed by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). International guidelines provide different recommendations for a first-line antifungal therapy and, in most of them, echinocandins are considered the first-line treatment for IC, and triazoles are so for the treatment of IPA. However, liposomal amphotericinB (L-AmB) is still considered a second-line therapy for both clinical entities. Although in the last decade the management of IFI has improved, several controversies persist. The antifungal drugs currently available may have a suboptimal activity, or be wrongly used in certain IFI involving critically ill patients. The aim of this review is to analyze when to provide individualized antifungal therapy to critically ill patients suffering from IFI, emphasizing the role of L-AmB. Drug-drug interactions, the clinical status, infectious foci (peritoneal candidiasis is discussed), the fungal species involved, and the need of monitoring the concentration of the antifungal drug in the patient are considered.

A Loading Micafungin Dose in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration or Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In this study, the authors aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of micafungin in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH, 30 mL·kg-1·h-1) with those of patients receiving equidoses of hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF, 15 mL·kg-1·h-1 + 15 mL·kg-1·h-1) and determine the optimal dosing regimen using the developed model. METHODS: Patients with septic shock undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy and receiving a conventional dose of 100 mg micafungin once daily were eligible for inclusion. Total micafungin plasma concentrations from 8 CVVH sessions and 8 CVVHDF sessions were subjected to a population PK analysis using Pmetrics. Validation of the model performance was reinforced by external validation. Monte Carlo simulations were performed considering the total ratio of free drug area under the curve (AUC) over 24 hours to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (AUC0-24/MIC) in plasma. RESULTS: The median total body weight (min-max) was 94.8 (66-138) kg. Micafungin concentrations were best described by a 2-compartmental PK model. No covariates, including continuous renal replacement therapy modality (CVVH or CVVHDF), were retained in the final model. The mean parameter estimates (SD) were 0.96 (0.32) L/h for clearance and 14.8 (5.3) L for the central compartment volume. External validation confirmed the performance of the developed PK model. Dosing simulations did not support the use of standard 100 mg daily dosing, except for Candida albicans on the second day of therapy. A loading dose of 150 mg followed by 100 mg daily reached the probability of target attainment for all C. albicans and C. glabrata, but not for C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. CONCLUSIONS: No difference was observed in micafungin PK between equidoses of CVVH and CVVHDF. A loading dose of 150 mg is required to achieve the PK/PD target for less susceptible Candida species from the first day of therapy.

Candidemia Diagnosis With T2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a PICU: A New Approach.

OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of invasive Candida infections is a challenge for pediatricians, intensivists, and microbiologists. To fill this gap, a new nanodiagnostic method has been developed using manual application of T2 nuclear magnetic resonance to detect Candida species. The aim of this study was to evaluate, prospectively, the usefulness as a tool diagnosis of the T2Candida panel in pediatric patients admitted at the PICU compared with blood culture. DESIGN: This is a prospective, observational, and unicentric study to compare T2Candida results with simultaneous blood cultures for candidemia diagnose. SETTING: This study was carried out in a 1,300-bed tertiary care hospital with a 16-bed medical-surgical PICU. PATIENTS: Sixty-three patients from 0 to 17 years old were enrolled in this study, including those undergoing solid organ transplantation (kidney, liver, pulmonary, multivisceral, intestinal, and heart) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seven patients were positive by the T2Candida test. Only two of them had the simultaneous positive blood culture. T2Candida yielded more positive results than blood cultures. CONCLUSIONS: T2Candida might be useful for the diagnosis of candidemia in PICUs. The prevalence of candidemia might be underestimated in this pediatric population. The use of this diagnostic tool in these units may help clinicians to start adequate and timely antifungal treatments.